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A Chinese military commander called [BLANK-1], later known as the Hongwu Emperor and Emperor Taizu of Ming, overthrew the Yuan Dynasty in China and founded the Ming Dynasty in 1368. This emperor distrusted and disliked Confucian scholars and responded to criticism of his rule with cruel executions. His decision-making and behavior were so erratic that it is likely that he suffered from at least one severe mental illness. One example of his capriciousness and cruelty was that he had thousands of officials executed because they took shortcuts when writing down grain tax records in 1376.

The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the largest Muslim incursions into Europe since the 700s as Ottoman Turks expanded into European sections of the Byzantine Empire. Muslims came to control all or part of the Balkans, Wallachia, Serbia, Bosnia, Greece, and Crimea. Under Muslim rule, Christians were expected to provide boys from their families as slaves for the Ottomans. This process of mandatory enslavement of Balkan Christian boys by Ottoman Muslims was known as [BLANK-1].

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Chart the major cultural changes that occurred in French society during the French Revolution. What was the rationale behind the changes and how were they designed to change the worldview of the French people? Which aspects of French society were particularly resistant to these changes?Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in England? What specific natural advantages did England have that allowed it to take the lead in the Industrial Revolution? What aspects of English society, government, and economic system gave the country an edge? Which industries were the most prominent and profitable in the early Industrial Revolution in England?Trace the regression of the Qing Dynasty from a dominant global economic and political power in 1800 to a state fighting for its very existence by 1900. What foreign and domestic threats had eroded Qing sovereignty, political stability, and economic solvency during this timeframe? What issues did Chinese reformers and revolutionaries seek to address in this era? Describe in detail at least three major threats to Qing rule.

The exploitation of child labor was an unfortunate aspect of the Industrial Revolution. In early industrial countries like England, children worked long hours in unsafe conditions. The English Parliament organized [BLANK-1], which interviewed mine workers and employers to examine the conditions and to investigate the effects of child labor (as well as the moral concerns regarding women and girls working alongside men in the mines). The investigation revealed atrocious working conditions, sexual and physical abuse, and an unsavory environment for children. It led directly to the Mines Act of 1842, which banned women and girls from working underground in Britain and banned children under 10 from working in the mines.

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Answers should be at least 4-5 sentences long. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:Andrew CarnegieThe Balkan WarsThe Berlin ConferenceCecil RhodesHaussmannizationThe League of NationsLeon TrotskyMustafa Kemal AtatürkThe Rite of SpringStefan Zweig

The paintings of the German artist [BLANK-1] are among the best representations of the Romanticism movement. This artist’s paintings embodied key themes of Romanticism – including the primacy of nature, a spiritual and mystical religiosity, emotionality, the power of the individual, and unrestrained imagination.

During the Industrial Revolution, many workers (especially women) struggled with the new [BLANK-1] required for factory work. The workday became far more regimented as employees now worked in a factory under supervision of a manager, rather than at home at their own pace. Childcare proved incompatible with this new concept of industrial work; working mothers struggled to adapt to the regimented day of industrial labor in ways they had not in pre-industrial eras when they had more flexibility for their work hours. This contributed significantly to the sexual division of labor that developed during the Industrial Revolution.

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Answers need to be at least 4-5 sentences long. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:AkbarDavid LivingstoneThe Dutch Golden AgeHürremThe Meiji RestorationThe Ming Dynasty’s Civil Service ExamThe Ming Dynasty’s Eunuch BureaucracyThe Protestant ReformationThe Tokugawa ShogunateThe Trans-Saharan Trade

A Russian absolutist leader named [BLANK-1] ruled the country from 1762-1796 and embodied the concept of Enlightened Absolutism. During this monarch’s reign, Russia attempted to modernize and westernize. Education opportunities for Russian citizens improved, the use of torture was restricted, local governance was streamlined, and religious toleration was expanded. Not all of this leader’s policies were enlightened, however, as serfdom and noble privileges were extended, Poland was partitioned, and the Mongols and Tartars were subjugated.

A highlight of armed African resistance against European rule came during the Anglo-Zulu War. In 1879, during [BLANK-1], 22,000 Zulu warriors defeated 1,350 British and indigenous troops, marking the single greatest defeat the British ever suffered against a non-European foe.