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______ punishment involves applying an aversive consequence that reduces the frequency of or eliminates a behavior.

______occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event.

In Pavlov’s experiment with a dog, before learning, the neutral stimulus is the ______.

. Identify the type of lettuce. 

To be effective, all ______ must be either very desirable or very unpleasant.

Hearing another person’s cellphone, whose ring is the same as ours, causes us to reflexively reach for our own.  This is an example of ______.

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli is ______.

A basic definition of learning is

In ______ we form associations between behaviors & their consequences.

Closing your eyes & carefully examining your thoughts, feelings, & sensations is