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Identify the urine constituent below. 

How should serous fluid for laboratory examination be collected?

Which is not a function of the kidney?

The type of specimen that is most critical to deliver immediately to the laboratory for examination is ____ fluid.

Which may be seen in macroscopically turbid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Answer only one of the questions below, either 2 OR 3 (15 total points)   Question 2: Shyam Mohapatra  Briefly and temporally delineate and describe the phases of the humoral immune response beginning with antigen recognition and terminating with the generation of functional immunoglobulins of the IgG isotype. Include all appropriate cell types and interactions involved in your description. Assume that the antigen is a protein, which would elicit “help” from T helper cells. Be brief but as comprehensive as possible.   Question 3: Shyam Mohapatra  Describe the differences between thymus (i.e. T cell) dependent and thymus (i.e. T cell) independent immune responses, including examples of the antigens for T dependent and T independent responses and the nature of the antibody responses elicited by these 2 types of antigens. Be as brief but as comprehensive as possible.  

Answer only one of the questions below, either 4 OR 5 (15 total points)   Question 4: Shyam Mohapatra –  How do macrophages kill their prey?  Provide two examples of macrophage products that play a pivotal role in this process. “Intracellular microbes or parasites have evolved, however, methods to overcome the ‘wrath’ of macrophage and have developed survival mechanisms’. Justify this statement with one example.    Question 5: Shyam Mohapatra – “All roads lead to Rome”. How does this statement apply to innate immunity? Provide examples using responses to bacteria and viruses that utilize a specific set of pattern recognition receptors.

Answer only one of the questions below, either 10 OR 11 (13 total points) Question 10: Bharadwaj(a) “8 pts” What are the characteristics of an antibody, and how do the various classes differ?(b) “7 pts” What regions of the immunoglobulin domain contribute to its complementarity-determining regions, and what is their function?   Question 11: BharadwajFor each pair of antigens listed below, indicate which is likely to be more immunogenic when injected into a mouse and why? Explain the types of antigenic determinants(a) “8 pts” Native Protein or heat-denatured protein(b) “7 pts” LPS (lipopolysaccharide) or hen collagen

A nurse performs a physical exam on a 75-year-old client admitted 33 days prior for bilateral pneumonia. Upon inspection of the client’s sacrum, the nurse notes intact skin with a blister present and partial- thickness loss of skin over the client’s sacrum. The nurse knows this would be classified as which stage pressure injury?

You want to withdraw $100,000 annually from your retirement account for 10 years during retirement. With an interest rate of 10%, how much money must be in your retirement account at the start of retirement to fund those annual withdrawals?