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A Skinner box is a(n): 

Carl so strongly associates watching baseball games with eating hot dogs that he habitually eats them while at the ballpark even when he’s not hungry. His eating habit best illustrates the impact of: 

The product Milkaid contains lactase enzyme that, when added to milk, break down lactose so that individuals with lactose intolerance can still drink it.  Jonathan follows all instructions for storing and using Milkaid, except that he adds it to milk and drinks it immediately. Later he becomes ill. Why didn’t the enzyme work?

Which molecule is the direct product of the Calvin cycle that can then be used to form other carbohydrates?

Proton gradients are used to produce ATP.

C4 and CAM plants employ different mechanisms in order to survive in hot and/or dry climates. Which of the following is true for both C4 and CAM plants?

What characterizes a retrovirus, and how does it differ from other types of viruses?

MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) are a class of enzymes involved in many signaling pathways, including cell division, gene expression, stress response, and programmed cell death. What would you expect is the primary function of a MAPK enzyme?

Progesterone is known as the “pregnancy hormone” because it initiates numerous signaling pathways during fetal development. Progesterone, being a hydrophobic steroid hormone, can easily diffuse in and out of any cell, so why does it only affect certain cells?

What is a prion, and how does it cause disease in organisms?