Investigating a charge of student cheating, State U’s Academ…

Investigating a charge of student cheating, State U’s Academic Integrity Committee concluded: “Ethical speakers do not plagiarize the ideas or words of others. Tracy gave a speech in her public speaking class that her roommate had written and used a semester ago. Tracy’s behavior is clearly unethical.” The committee’s statement is an example of arguing by _____.

Bob knows he has stereotypes about people from the Middle Ea…

Bob knows he has stereotypes about people from the Middle East, and he is trying to remove those stereotypes from his thinking. In a work meeting, one of his co-workers, an immigrant from the Middle East, is giving a presentation. Try as he might, all Bob can think about are those stereotypes. This example best illustrates which of the following?