[FinB] In an operant chamber, a red light is presented to a…

[FinB] In an operant chamber, a red light is presented to a pigeon. When the red light turns on, a loud painful sound is heard. Removing the sound now functions as a negative reinforcer and evokes behavior that terminated the sound previously. After being exposed to the red light and the sound, which of the following likely functions as a CMO-R? 

[FinB] In a laboratory setting, a tone is presented to a rat…

[FinB] In a laboratory setting, a tone is presented to a rat. Shortly after the tone, a painful shock is delivered to the rat. The termination of the shock now functions as a reinforcer and evokes behavior that produced the termination of the shock in the past. After repeated exposure to the tone and shock, which of the following now functions as the CMO-R?