Young boys that worked long hours in textile factories beca…

 Young boys that worked long hours in textile factories because their small hands were perfect to change the bobbins in textile machines.  They are often photographed barefooted because it made it easier to climb the machines.  These boys were often as young as 6 years old and worked 10-12 hour days.

The arrangement by which a company takes ownership of busine…

The arrangement by which a company takes ownership of businesses in various stages of production and distribution within the same industry.  John D. Rockfeller’s Standard Oil exemplifies this as he built his own barrels, warehouses, and pipelines.  He owned the freight lines that transported the oil and he created his own marketing organization.