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A 22-year-old male with a history of stimulant use presents with psychosis. A key task for the clinician is to differentiate between a primary psychotic disorder and a substance-induced psychotic disorder. Which of the following would most strongly suggest a primary psychotic disorder like schizophrenia?

An 18-year-old female presents with significant weight loss. She reports an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, seeing herself as “fat” despite being emaciated. She denies bingeing or purging, and her weight loss is achieved through severe caloric restriction and excessive exercise. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient with schizophrenia has prominent negative symptoms, including avolition and flat affect. The “negative symptom” hypothesis of schizophrenia is primarily associated with a deficit of which neurotransmitter in the mesocortical pathway?

A 65-year-old patient presents with new-onset behavioral changes, including disinhibition and apathy. A brain MRI reveals significant, focal atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. This presentation is most characteristic of which neurocognitive disorder?

Which class of medication for Alzheimer’s disease has common side effects of nausea, diarrhea, and bradycardia?

A 26-year-old is prescribed risperidone for schizophrenia. He develops gynecomastia and galactorrhea. This is most likely due to the medication’s effect on which hormone?

Which of the following is a core feature of Neurocognitive Disorder with Lewy Bodies but not typically of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A 23-year-old is in the emergency room after being arrested for assault. He is irritable, paranoid, and has tachycardia and dilated pupils. He has track marks on his arms. He is most likely intoxicated with or withdrawing from what substance?

The mesolimbic pathway, central to the brain’s reward system and hijacked by substances of abuse, originates in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and projects primarily to which structure?

A 26-year-old female with Borderline Personality Disorder frequently attends the emergency department in crisis. The primary, evidence-based psychotherapy for this disorder, DBT, is based on which core theoretical model?