A woman is giving birth.  During each contraction, the fetus…

A woman is giving birth.  During each contraction, the fetus’s head begins to move into the birth canal, but then moves back towards the cervix.  After 50 minutes of this, the fetus begins to experience distress.  The physician decides to perform an episiotomy.   1) What is this procedure?  Why is it done? 2) What structure(s) are typically targeted? 3) Would the inferior cluneal nerve be impacted? 4) What nerve block would help with pain suppression?  Be specific.

A 62-year-old woman visited her ophthalmologist for her annu…

A 62-year-old woman visited her ophthalmologist for her annual examination.  The examination showed some peripheral visual field defects, and morphologic changes of the optic disc and retina.  The patient’s ciliary processes were enlarged and displayed increased metabolic activity.   1) What condition are you suspecting? 2) What is the normal function of the ciliary processes and how might that impact the peripheral visual field and retina? 3) How might this be treated?