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Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in nearby capillaries occurs by the process of  


 A newborn infant may have some defense against digestive and respiratory disturbances because of IgA obtained from its mother’s  


Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure may be caused by which of the following?               2:4:2

The pectoralis minor and the sternocleidomastoid muscles are useful in aiding forced expiration.  

The is the value of a variable that can not be exceeded.  

The condition that causes pulmonary compliance to increase is which of the following?

The walls of the alveoli are composed of  


The level of PEEP that is most appropriate for a patient with the information shown below is which of the following? Time 0725 0730 0742 0748 0755 0800 PEEP (cm H2O) 5 8 10 12 15 18 Cs (mL/cm H2O) 27 28 34 29 29 25 P(a-et)CO2 (mm Hg) 8.8 6.2 4.8 4.9 6.5 10 PaO2/FIO2 159 190 237 237 221 204

A male patient (76-kg IBW) with no history of pulmonary disease is brought to the emergency department for treatment of a drug overdose. He is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation with VC-CMV, f = 12/min, VT = 425 mL. The resulting arterial blood gas values are: pH 7.32, PaCO2 53 mm Hg, and HCO3- 25 mEq/L. The most appropriate action to correct the acid-base disturbance is which of the following?

Calculate the static compliance (Cs) given the following information about a patient receiving mechanical ventilation: peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is 56 cm H2O, plateau pressure (Pplateau) is 40 cm H2O, exhaled tidal volume (VT) is 690 mL, and positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is 10 cm H2O.