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50. If a strand of mRNA attaches to a ribosome outside of the nucleus, this is known as  __________________ .

24. Osmosis occurs as water can cross the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called ________________.  

Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. What are the genotypes of the gametes that are produced by a plant that is heterozygous for both traits?

41. During neuronal signaling, a change in membrane potential will cause sodium channels to open and let Na+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient into the cell. Which of the following helps establish the concentration gradient necessary for this process to occur?  

45. The process of synthesizing proteins is known as _______________________ .

When a polypeptide is being assembled, the bond that forms between a newly added amino acid and the previous amino acid in the chain is a ________ bond.

Mendel used the garden ________ plant for his studies on inheritance.

13. In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in:  

20. The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called __________. 

10. Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances called a: