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Increased V/Q is caused by which of the following in which ventilation is in excess of perfusion?

All of the following are characteristics of cortisol except:

Which of the following activate the J-receptors?I. lung inflationII. edema of the alveolar wallsIII. capillary hypertensionIV. pulmonary capillary congestion

Overall, the normal V/Q ratio is about:I. 4/5II. 1.0III. 5/4IV. 0.8V. 1:1

Which of the following is the surfactant producing cells?

A 29 year old female presents to the ED with RLL pneumonia, HR 128, RR 28 bpm, B/P 155/92 and pulse oximeter is reading 88% on RA. Her ABGs reveal the following: pH 7.52, PaCO2 30 mmHg, HCO3 23 mEq/L, PaO2 65 mmHg. Which of the following is the explanation for the production of hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis associated with hypoxemia?

Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder through contraction of the:

BONUS: Which of the following laboratory values is used as an indicator of tissue hypoxia?

The abbreviation NPO represents

The Food and Drug Administration regulates the pharmaceutical industry for adherence to each of the following standards EXCEPT