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3. Which of the following findings is most commonly present in a patient with prerenal acute kidney injury?

Use the following vignette to answer questions 29 – 31. A 26 y.o woman is visiting your office with complaints of back pain and headaches. These symptoms have affected her for several months and have worsened significantly. She has been taking various over-the-counter analgesics with some relief of the back pain but not of the headache. The patient also reports that more recently, she is experiencing some episodes of dyspnea.  During the office visit her pressure is 148/102 mmHg, and two subsequent measurements do not diverge significantly from these numbers. Her body Temperature is 100.2°F, HR is 78 bpm, with RR 24 breaths per minute, labored, and shallow at times. At the physical examination, heart sounds are normal and lung fields are clear although the tympanic sound at the lung bases is lost in both posterior quadrants. The abdomen appears to be slightly distended, and abdominal palpation reveals a liver border protruding below the rib cage, and the presence of bilateral masses in the right and left lower quadrants. Assessment of occult blood in the feces is negative. 30. Which additional laboratory test or procedure would you want to order?

A 48-year-old man with a 10-year history of poorly-controlled blood pressure and type 2 diabetes and is referred for evaluation of albuminuria and renal function. Blood pressure is 158/103 mm Hg sitting and standing. Urinalysis reveals albuminuria = 328.2 mg/g, and eGFR = 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. 12. Which of the following changes in the glomerulus is most likely responsible for this patient’s albuminuria?

A 65-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension is admitted to the hospital with acute decompensated heart failure and edema. Serum creatinine at admission was 4.1 mg/dL; 10 hours later serum creatinine is 5.7 mg/dL. BUN/Cr ratio is 28:1. Urinary sediment is bland and unremarkable. Past medical history is significant for one episode of kidney stones 3 years ago. 9. Which of the following changes in extracellular fluid volume (EFV) and effective circulating volume (ECV) are the most likely causes of elevated serum creatinine in this patient? Extracellular Fluid Volume Effective Circulating Volume A. Increased Decreased B. Increased Increased C. Decreased Decreased D. Decreased Increased

When using a spectrophotometer, why must we dilute samples with absorbance values greater than 0.9?

A 52-year-old man with high blood pressure (160/102 mmHg) and type 2 diabetes is evaluated for albuminuria. Albumin excretion measured in four spot urine specimens over a three-month period averages 322.2 mg/g. Serum glucose is 220 mg/dL and HbA1c is 8.1%. Estimated glomerular filtration rate is 49 mL/min/1.73 m2. Fractional excretion of Na+ is 1.1 %. No hematuria is present. The patient however reports nocturia at least 3-4 nights/week. Physical examination is unremarkable. Current medications are metoprolol (100mg/day), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/day), and metformin (1000 mg/day). 23. In addition to prescribing an ACE inhibitor, which of the following therapeutic agents would exert a protective effect on the kidney of this patient?

33. How many years does it take for diabetic nephropathy to develop from diabetes onset?

You want to make a 1/10 dilution of a sample with a total final volume of 1 mL in a new test tube.   What volume (in uL) of the original sample would you add? [sample] uL of sample. How much dilutant/solvent (in uL) would you add? [solv] uL of solvent.  

17. In a patient with advanced stage  CKD, which of the following is the most direct cause of secondary hyper-parathyroidism?

25. In a 60-year-old man with suspected renovascular HTN, which of the following situations can be expected?