Chapter 5: Citizen’s Participation: Actors, Arenas, and Dile…

Chapter 5: Citizen’s Participation: Actors, Arenas, and Dilemmas Social movements are sustained challenges to authority through collective action, in the name of a disadvantaged population living under the jurisdiction or influence of this authority. It can be the authority of the state or society or a combination of the two.

Chapter 12: Iraq The Ba‘th Party became a formidable organiz…

Chapter 12: Iraq The Ba‘th Party became a formidable organization of political and social control over Iraqis. For example, any non-Ba’thist political activity by armed forces members was made a capital offense. The party apparatus allocated benefits and services based on the membership level and was involved in almost every aspect of an individual’s life.