A major tech company uses a historical hiring dataset, which…

A major tech company uses a historical hiring dataset, which predominantly consists of male employees in technical roles, to train a new AI model for screening and ranking job applicants. When deployed, the AI systematically downgrades applications from women with similar qualifications to men, effectively perpetuating past human hiring biases. According to Friedman and Nissenbaum, what category of bias is the AI demonstrating? 

If a recommendation engine systematically suggests different…

If a recommendation engine systematically suggests different products to users based on their ethnic surnames, this is a clear example of a biased system only if the discrimination occurs systematically and the outcome (e.g., denying a good opportunity) is judged to be unfair based on unreasonable or inappropriate grounds.