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The doctrine making the exclusionary rule applicable to evidence obtained indirectly from unconstitutional police conduct is termed the _____ doctrine.​

Case 8.2 Mayberry Police receive a 911 call in which an argument, with a woman screaming, can be heard in the background. What sounds like a violent struggle with breaking glass and a male voice screaming “no more cheating for you bitch” can be heard as the 911 dispatcher tries to get a response. The dispatcher relays this information to the patrol units dispatched to 123 Main Street. When police arrive on scene they find the door is locked but can see a female victim lying on the floor amidst broken furniture. Police force entry and find the victim lifeless. They also find a trail of blood leading to the back door. According to neighbors, the victim, Shannon Mathews, was recently separated from her husband and had only moved in a few months prior. The next door neighbor, Mary Hart, reports that she had witnessed a few heated arguments between the victim and her estranged husband in the driveway over the past few months. In fact after the last incident a week prior, the victim had asked Mrs. Hart to call the police if she saw her estranged husband at the house as she was in fear of him. A check of police dispatch records revealed two prior 911 calls from Mrs. Mathews about threats from Matt Mathews. Also in the system was an active domestic violence order of protection for the victim, baring contact from Matt Mathews. Matt Mathews is pulled over for speeding and is arrested for DWI by police in the adjacent town of Mount Pilot five minutes after the call to 123 Main. Mr. Mathews has fresh injuries including  scratches on his face and is highly agitated. While the officers are trying to conduct field sobriety tests, Matthews repeatedly mumbles “the bitch deserved it.” The motor vehicle stop and arrest are recorded on the police dash camera. Due to the active restraining order in the police data base, the accused’s fresh injuries and his statements, Mount Pilot Police contact Mayberry Police to conduct a welfare check on Mrs. Mathews. They are advised of the active murder investigation and asked to hold Mr. Mathews. ​ The medical examiner conducts an autopsy as well as forensic testing that reveals DNA evidence and blood other the victim’s on her clothing. During the investigation police find multiple threatening phone messages and texts from Matt Mathews on Mrs. Mathews’ cell phone. Police subpoena Mr. Mathews’ phone records as well. Mr. Mathews is ultimately charged with the murder of his estranged wife Shannon.The defense also attempts to block the testimony of Mount Pilot police regarding Mr. Mathews utterances during the recorded field sobriety test. Is this testimony hearsay?

Case 9.1 Police stop Bill Stoner, a known drug dealer, for operating a vehicle with no tail lights, after he is observed pulling away from a parking lot in a high crime area know for drug transactions.  Bill appears extremely nervous as he speaks with the officers. The primary officer requests the registration and insurance card for the vehicle. As Sam opens the glove box to retrieve the paperwork, the cover officer spots a hollow point bullets in the glove box. She notifies her partner and Sam is immediately removed from the car and frisked for possible weapons.  The officer finds a loaded handgun in Bill’s waist band and he placed under arrest. As the cover officer is securing the bullets, she notices Bill’s cell phone on the front seat buzzing. She opens the phone and views multiple texts from Donny Bosco warning Bill that “The cops are in the area get my bag of weed and coke out of your trunk.” The officers secure Bill in the patrol car and search the trunk of Bill’s car. In the trunk they find a large black duffle bag containing two pounds of marijuana and two kilograms of cocaine. Bill is transported back to headquarters and placed in an interrogation room. The arresting officer shows the duffle bag full of drugs to Bill and tells him “you’re going away for a long time unless you talk”. Bill is questioned about his association with Donny Bosco and his part in the distribution of drugs. Bill completes and signs a Miranda waiver form and then provides a videotaped confession in which he criminally implicates Donny Bosco as the drug distribution leader.  In addition to the charges against Bill Stoner, Donny Bosco is indicted on several felony drug tracking charges.​At trial, the defense seeks to have the drugs in the trunk suppressed, claiming that the warrantless search of the defendant’s cell phone lead to the search of the trunk and discovery of the drugs. What options would the prosecution have to counter the suppression of the evidence?

Case 8.1 Police respond to the scene of fight inside a local bar. The scene is chaotic with ambulance personnel attending to an unconscious male.  In the course of rendering aid to the victim, the victim and the victim’s clothing were removed from the scene. The victim’s clothing and personal effects are collected by an emergency room nurse at the hospital. ​ Police interview witnesses who report that the victim, Jeff Anderson, got into an  argument with another bar patron/accused for having several rounds of drinks put on the patrons tab. Witnesses also report that the patron/accused struck Mr. Anderson with a close fist and two then exchanged several punches with Mr. Anderson giving the patron/accused a bloody nose. The patron/accused then struck Mr. Anderson with a chair knocking him unconscious and fled the bar. ​ Police interview the bar owner who reports that accused became enraged after getting the $500.00 credit card receipt for his drink tab. The bar owner stated the “guy flipped out, nearly jumping over the bar when he saw the amount of his tab”. The bar owner reported that he pointed Mr. Anderson and said “go talk to your friend – he ordered three rounds for the bar on your tab.” Police ask for and receive copies of the credit card receipts for the accused, Dick Grayson. The investigating officer responds to the hospital and takes a statement from the victim who reports not knowing why he was attacked. While at the hospital the investigating officer asks if anyone had sought treatment for facial injuries from a fight. It is determined that Mr. Grayson had been seen and had reported to the registration nurse that his injuries were from “some guy sucker punching” him in a bar and had also stated “you should see the other guy.” Mr. Grayson is taken into custody and is being escorted out of the emergency room when he stops in front of room where the victim lying in a hospital bed being attended to by medical personnel he blurts out “I’m in so much trouble” and asks the officers “is he going to make it.”  Mr. Grayson charged with aggravated assault.At trial the defense attempts to block admission of the credit card transactions from the bar as hearsay. Are the records admissible?​

​If the police can show that the evidence was discovered by two methods, one of which was lawful, it may trigger the _____ exception to the exclusionary rule.

​The practice of obtaining criminal convictions based on hearsay was especially grievous in the infamous _____ trials in England.

With regard to testimonial hearsay, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled Ohio v. Roberts in  _____.

​The principal means courts use to guard against the risks of Hearsay are the requirements that the witness testify under oath, which helps ensure reliability, and that the witness be available for _____.

Case 8.3 Police investigate a reported sexual assault of a ten year old female. Police were alerted by a school nurse who noticed bruises on her thighs after the child came to her office complaining of lower abdominal pain. The child was interviewed by a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) who asked questions about the assault not to gather evidence but to help the nurse examine and treat the child appropriately.  The nurse also performed a rape kit and collected samples for DNA analysis. The child identified a neighborhood handyman as the perpetrator. The accused, Chester Mayhem, had recently worked on the victim’s home where he befriended the victim. Mayhem reportedly had sexually assaulted the child on four separate occasions. The child was reluctant to report the assaults as Mayhem threatened to kill her family if she said anything.        The subsequent investigation matched Mayhem’s DNA to three other unsolved sexual assault cases. Mayhems is arrested and charged with multiple counts of aggravated sexual assault.​The Supreme Court has ruled that for a child’s out-of-court statement to be admissible, the child’s truthfulness must be “so clear from the surrounding circumstances that the test of cross-examination would be of marginal utility. Which matters have been found to “properly relate to whether hearsay statements made by a child witness in child sexual abuse cases are reliable?​

If _____ statements are made or evidence discovered from consensual talks between police and citizens, the statements or evidence may be used in criminal prosecutions.​