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What are the three primary elements of Beethoven’s style highlighted in the textbook and the chapter summary?

A technique of solo singing with free rhythm and simple accompaniment created by Jacopo Peri to replace recitation of text in his attempt to recreate the fabled pathos of Greek tragedies in his early Baroque operas.

An aria designed to showcase the individual singer’s performance skill through opportunities to improvise and ornament the aria melody in a repeat of the initial theme now played by the orchestra alone.

A genre similar to oratorio but differing in the limitation of its libretto to the story of the life of Jesus beginning with his return to Jerusalem, through the crucifixion and resurrection.

The third section of a sonata allegro form where the themes are heard for the last time and each is in the tonic key.

The most complex instrumental form of the Classical era which was invented by Hadyn and used nearly every composer since.

This Classical composer worked for a wealthy family outside of Vienna for most of his life where he wrote more than 100 symphonies and many other works.  He created sonata form and became a teacher to other composers.

This is the term for Italian Comic Opera which became popular during the Classical Period.

This French ruler seized power after the French Revolution and proceeded to terrorize Europe for years before his decline and defeat.

The greatest of all German poets and contributor to German nationalism. He is the author of Faust¸ The Sorrows of Younger Werther, and Goetz von Berlichingen.