In brown fat cells, high expression of an uncoupling protein…

In brown fat cells, high expression of an uncoupling protein in mitochondria allows protons (H+’s) to flow back across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the direction that is energetically favorable for them to flow, rather than passing through an ATP synthase. High expression of an uncoupling protein is favorable for hibernating animals, because the proton (H+) motive force generates the following (instead of ATP):

Which of the following does NOT occur when nitrous oxide (N2…

Which of the following does NOT occur when nitrous oxide (N2O) is administered in a dentist’s office? (Note: Nitrous oxide is converted to nitric oxide (NO)).  A figure from lecture and a description of the NO signaling pathway is included below to help. (Note: This is a “reading/lecture comprehension” question, and not a question that tests your memorization skills. It is important to me that students understand the dynamic nature of signaling pathways — how they can be regulated and disrupted. I am not trying to trick you!)     Description of pathway: Acetylcholine released from a nerve terminal bind to a G-protein-coupled receptor on an endothelial cell of a blood vessel. The receptor then activates a G protein (not pictured), which stimulates IP3 synthesis and release of calcium ions, which activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NOS causes endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide from the amino acid arginine. Because nitric oxide is small and hydrophyllic, it can just diffuse across the membrane of the endothelial cell that it is produced in and INTO the neighboring smooth muscle cells where it acts as a signal.  Once inside the smooth muscle cell, nitric oxide binds to and activates guanylyl cyclase, which then stimulates the synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP) from GTP. The cyclic GMP triggers a response that causes the smooth muscle cells to relax, increasing blood flow through the vessel.