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A tension member must be designed for a service dead load of 45 kips and a service live load of 5 kips. If ASD is used, determine the maximum load (required strength), Ra.

What is the effective hole diameter to accommodate a 1-1/2 in. bolt? Use standard hole sizing.

A column in a building is subjected to the following load effects. If ASD is used, what is the value of required strength, Ra?10 kips compression from dead load2 kips compression from roof live load4 kips compression from snow4 kips compression from wind

A column in a building is subjected to the following load effects. If LRFD is used, what is the value of required strength, Ru?11 kips compression from dead load5 kips compression from roof live load9 kips compression from snow6 kips compression from wind

For ASD, the safety factor for fracture is larger than the safety factor for yielding.

A 1.15 in. x 11.2 in. plate is connected to a gusset with eight 1 in. bolts. Standard sizing is used for the bolt holes. What is the gross area of the plate?

A 0.54 in. x 9.3 in. plate is connected to a gusset with six 1-1/4 in. bolts. Standard sizing is used for the bolt holes. What is the net area of the plate?

Cold-formed steel has reduced ductility compared to hot-rolled steel.

Rain loads are not part of the ASD load combinations.

The symbol S represents _______.