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Positive inotropic agents are only indicated in the treatment of congestive heart failure in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

In the failing heart, ATP production is less efficient leading to an energy deficit

Which of the following receptors is the most important with respect to mediating functional signals within the heart?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a major regulator of the body’s water balance. Which of the following statements is correct about ADH?

Both phospholipase-A2 and 3-finger toxins induce cardiac cell death by causing the rapid entry of which of the following ions?

Canine parvovirus is a large, enveloped virus that only affects older dogs

Which of the following is an inflammatory cytokine that mediates proliferative signaling in the heart that also causes cardiac cachexia?

Which of the following correctly describes the consequence of a mutation in PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4)?

Inhibitors of the protein MLKL are being developed as potential therapies to inhibit which of the following forms of cell death?

Based on the Gompertzian kinetics curve below, which of the following would be the treatment of choice at point 3 for a solid tumor?