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At the beginning of a token economy, a ____________ reinforcement schedule is typically used to strengthen the desirable behavior. Once the behavior occurs more frequently, a ____________ schedule is used to maintain it.

List and describe the six essential components of a token economy. In your response, be sure to: Clearly name and define each component. Briefly explain or provide an example for the role of each component in maintaining an effective token economy.

Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands?

Second messenger signaling systems produce small but rapid target cell effects.

Patient anxious and diaphoretic. Complains of 8/10 midsternal chest pain. RR 26. O2 sat 95%. BP 150/90.  Your priority actions should include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

pH: 7.50 PaCO2: 43 PaO2: 88 HCO3: 33 O2 Sat: 90%

A ______________ is a stimulus that becomes a punisher through pairing with an unconditioned or previously conditioned punisher.

A discriminative stimulus (SD) evokes behavior because it signals the availability or non-availability of reinforcement in the [answer1]. Whereas motivating operations (specifically establishing operations) increase the value of a reinforcer in the [answer2].

You are seeing a 68-year-old male with hypertension and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in the clinic today. He has the diagnosis of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). An echocardiogram one month ago showed left-ventricular hypertrophy and a left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 36%. He takes sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg (Entresto) BID and carvedilol (COREG) 12. 5 mg PO BID. His pulse is 68 beats/minute, blood pressure is 134/88 mmHg, and oxygen saturation is 95% on two liters of oxygen by nasal cannula. His weight is up 8 pounds from his last clinic appointment. His physical exam is notable for jugular venous pulse and pressure (JVP) of 12, bilateral leg edema, and crackles at his lung bases. What will be the next step in management of this man?

You have been the PCP for MA, a 72 year old female, for the past 3 years.  Her 2 daughters brought her to clinic today.  MA currently lives in her own home alone and her daughters live in the same town.  Her daughters are concerned because MA has been more forgetful and recently had trouble driving home from church.  She got lost and had to stop several blocks from home to ask how to get to her address, which she did remember. They have noticed these changes for the past year or so, and more often lately.  She denies headaches, chest pain, and palpitations. lightheadedness, SOB or loss of consciousness.  MA states that she has been eating well, sleeping well, she enjoys a glass of wine with friends every other week or so. Her husband of 46 years died 4 years ago.  She has stayed active in her community and in her church.  She has generally been in good health and has regular health care, follow up.  She misses her husband but has generally been in good spirits.  PMH:  Stable hypothyroid – diagnosed 8 years ago Complete PE:  results within normal limits Medications:  Levothyroxine 50 mcg daily, no other medications, herbs or supplements Labs (2 days ago):  CBC, CMP, TSH, vitamin B12, folate:  normal.  Lipids, mildly elevated (you and MA have chosen not to treat with medication) EKG:  NSR, no ectopy You are concerned about the potential for early dementia. You review the chart, talk to the patient and family, and consider the following in your diagnosis: