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A 45-year-old male presents with lower back pain radiating down his left leg. He reports numbness and weakness in his left foot. MRI reveals a herniated disc at the L4-L5 level.  What is the most likely cause of his symptoms? 

What is the role of the capsid in a virus?

A 72-year-old male with a history of smoking presents with a persistent cough and weight loss. Imaging reveals a mass in the lung.  What factor most likely contributed to his increased risk of lung cancer? 

A patient with a bacterial infection shows activation of the complement system. Which of the following is a likely trigger for this activation? 

What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in normal cells? 

A 70-year-old woman with osteopenia is advised to incorporate weight-bearing exercises into her routine. What is the primary benefit of this intervention? 

A 35-year-old male presents with pain and tenderness over the lateral aspect of his elbow. He reports that the pain worsens with activities that involve gripping and lifting. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the lateral epicondyle and pain with resisted wrist extension.  What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A 55-year-old female with a history of deep vein thrombosis is prescribed an anticoagulant that enhances the effects of prostacyclin.  What is the expected outcome of this therapy?

A 45-year-old male with a history of liver disease presents with prolonged bleeding. Laboratory tests show low levels of protein C.  What is the role of thrombomodulin in this patient’s condition? 

A patient is infected with a virus that has an RNA genome. Which of the following best describes the initial step in the replication of this virus?