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Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Each answer should be a coherent paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:AchillesAshokaChinese CosmologyDaoismHammurabi’s CodeNefertitiThe Osiris MythThe Peloponnesian WarPericlesVardhamana Mahavira

[BLANK-1] is defined as a large political unit, expansionist or with a memory of power extended over space. It is a polity that maintains distinction and hierarchy as it incorporates new people into it. This polity declares the non-equivalence of multiple populations. The concept of this political unit presumes that different peoples within the polity will be governed differently.

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Describe the reign of Sargon. How did he come to found the world’s first empire and what was that empire? In what ways did Sargon incorporate the culture of conquered peoples into his empire? How did he legitimize his rule? What challenges did he face?Despite the absence of sustained political unity, what allowed for some level of cohesiveness among Indian society? What cultural elements loosely unified the subcontinent? What role did the environment play in terms of allowing Indian cultures to flourish?Compare and contrast Ancient Greece’s two greatest poleis: Athens and Sparta. In what ways were these societies similar and in what ways did they differ? Describe how these city-states came into conflict with one another during the Peloponnesian War.  What issues led to this conflict and which group ultimately emerged victorious?

[BLANK-1] is defined as a group of people in a single territory constituting itself as a unique political community. It has borders, boundaries, laws, and customs and a government capable of enforcing these things. The government maintains a monopoly on the use of force within its territory. It often declares the equivalence of its subjects, even if the reality is more complex.

Around 1200 B.C.E., climate change catalyzed by a major volcanic eruption, waves of migrations, warfare, famine, economic decline, and political discontinuity led to [BLANK-1]. This was a widespread period of crisis and destruction in the Eastern Mediterranean world that saw the decline of Ancient Mesopotamian societies and empires, such as the Egyptians. While it was a period of political turmoil for many established empires of the ancient world, it was also a period of time in which new technologies were circulating.

[BLANK-1] is traditionally attributed to Confucius and claims to be drawn from the most ancient periods of Chinese history. However, it had to be reconstructed by Confucian scholars after the First Emperor ordered the burning of Confucian texts during the Qin Dynasty. Many of the texts in this compilation are forgeries, fakes, or have dubious origins. The advice to Zheng Tang’s (the Shang Dynasty’s first emperor) heir, for example, seems to reference the Mandate of Heaven – a concept that would be proposed in the later Zhou Dynasty to justify their usurpation of the Shang Dynasty. The text suggested that ruling with respect to family and elders, and in accordance with the natural order, will prevent “calamities of heaven.”

One of the most important documents in Islam is [BLANK-1]. This is a collection of sayings and anecdotes attributed to Muhammad and collected by religious scholars in the centuries following his death. It provides details into the normative example of a well-lived life for a Muslim believer (a concept known as Sunna) and is especially important to Sunni Muslims. It serves as the legal basis for the conduct of Muslims.

Egyptian funerary rituals during the Old Kingdom included mummification and carving religious texts and spells in the tomb of a pharaoh in order to bring him back to life and help him ascend to heaven. By the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom, mummification had been democratized, and wealthy nobles and even commoners were then afforded the luxury of mummification. As Egypt came into contact with other Mesopotamian civilizations, their funerary rites became more complex. Egyptians recorded their beliefs about the afterlife, funerary rituals, and the rites of some mystical spells in [BLANK-1], a text written in the New Kingdom. It explained that the soul left the body after death to become part of the divine. Further, it told versions of the Osiris Myth and explained that the god Osiris died each year and was brought back to life by his wife (and sister), Isis, when the Nile flooded. Osiris, and his assistant, the god Anubis who assisted in mummification, weighed the hearts of departed humans to determine whether they had lived justly enough to earn everlasting life.

In a legitimizing document written about 530 B.C.E. and called [BLANK-1], Persian Emperor Cyrus the Great sought to present himself as a liberator of people rather than a conqueror. He depicted himself as a champion of right order, a restorer of traditions, and a purveyor of prosperity to the places he conquered. Particularly, he described his conquest of Babylon, his acceptance of the god Marduk, his disposition to sanction the worship of other Mesopotamian gods, and his willingness to allow exiles to return to their places of origin. By emphasizing his readiness to accommodate newly conquered territories, he further legitimized his rule with the people.

The Hellenistic Period saw a continued flowering of culture, science, medicine, philosophy, and mathematics. One of the most notable Hellenistic thinkers was the Alexandrian mathematician, [BLANK-1]. He is most notable for developing many of the central tenets of geometry and for writing the important manual, Elements of Geometry.