Use the following information for the next six questions.  …

Use the following information for the next six questions.   Virus’ are known to take over a cell by inserting viral genetic material, a process known as “virulence”. You are studying a new type of flu virus and want to understand if it infects cells using the standard method of inserting virulent DNA or if it infects cells by inserting viral RNA or protein. To determine virulence of the virus you inject mice with the virus and note if the mice survive or die. To determine whether the destructive agent in the virus is protein, DNA, or RNA, you will treat the virus with enzymes that destroy each of the three molecules. You use a protease enzyme to destroy protein, a DNase enzyme to destroy DNA, and an RNase enzyme to destroy RNA in the virus. You then inject the treated virus into the mice to determine if the virus still works by noting if the mice survive or die. The chart indicates the effect on the mice under the various conditions. (A non-virulent strain is a strain that can’t infect another cell. Think of it like an empty syringe.)   Virus Strain Injected Enzymes added Non-virulent cell colony Unknown Virus Known Virus None Survived Died Died Protease Survived Died Died RNase Survived Survived Died DNase Survived Died Survived

Use this information to answer the next three questions. In…

Use this information to answer the next three questions. In 1966, Andre Jagendorf and Ernest Uribe published a paper on experiments to study hydrogen ions and ATP production during photosynthesis. The investigators isolated chloroplasts from spinach leaves and disrupted them so that chemical reagents added during the experiment would have access to the thylakoids. These broken chloroplasts were soaked in a “first solution” with a high hydrogen ion concentration and then transferred to a fresh “second solution” at low hydrogen ion concentration. This second solution also contained ADP and inorganic phosphate. The rate of ATP production was measured from the second solution. This table summarizes Jagendorf and Uribe’s results. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (nmol/liter) Trial # First Solution Second Solution Rate of ATP synthesis 1 10,000 5.0 4 nmol/mg 2 25,000 5.0 11 nmol/mg 3 159,000 5.0 28 nmol/mg 4 63.0 63.0 0 nmol/mg 5 10,000 63.0 0 nmol/mg 6 25,000 63.0 0.5 nmol/mg 7 159,000 63.0 8 nmol/mg