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Defects in C3 activation leads to impaired tagging of pathogens.

The difference between activating and inhibitory receptors  in NK cells lie in their association with accessory proteins that promote downstream signaling, or in their ability to recruit and activate inhibitory phosphatases, respectively.  

Mucosal surfaces are found in tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive tract and the mouth and respiratory tract. While the mouth and respiratory tract are routes of virus but not bacterial infections, the gastrointestinal tract is the route for bacterial but not virus infections.

The inflammatory response is characterized by four classic symptoms: heat, redness, pain, and swelling. In some instances, this response can be triggered by stimuli that are non-infectious such as asbestos. When exposure to the stimulating trigger is persistent, a state of chronic inflammation can result. This process is likely to be detrimental to the health of the host.

The father of Immunology is known as:

A transplant patient began to show signs of rejection 8 days after receipt of a transplanted organ. What immune elements might be found in the rejected organ?

Innate system cells use receptors which are capable of detecting molecular differences even between closely related organisms.

Phosphatidylinositol glycan A (PIGA)  is required for the membrane attachment of proteins anchored by glycolipids to the plasma membrane, using what is called a ‘GPI-linkage.’ Included in the group of GPI-linked cell surface proteins is DAF/CD55. Individual lacking the GPI linkage become anemic because:

When macrophages in a tissue encounter bacteria, they release cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. These cytokines act on other immune cells, to recruit them to the site of infection and to enhance their activities. In addition, these cytokines act on the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall to:

Macrophages rapidly ingest complement coated bacteria using specific receptors. Which of the following complement components need to be bound to receptors on macrophages and on bacteria respectively?