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[BLANK-1] was tsar of Russia during a period of growing resentment against the monarchy and the ruling class. He was in power during the country’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 as well as the riots that led to Bloody Sunday, when the tsar’s troops shot and killed more than 100 peaceful protesting workers in St. Petersburg. That event led to the general strikes and mutinies known as the Russian Revolution of 1905. The tsar was forced to issue the October Manifesto, which promised a restriction of his powers and the creation of a Duma (a congressional body). He was described by contemporaries as dull or dim-witted and he was blamed for Russia’s early losses during WWI. He worsened the situation by going to the front lines to manage the war personally (thus linking every defeat to him personally and creating the narrative of a power vacuum in St. Petersburg. He was overthrown during the February Revolution in 1917 and he and his entire family would later be imprisoned and executed by the order of V. I. Lenin.

One of the very earliest direct causes of the French Revolution occurred when Louis XVI convened a congressional body called [BLANK-1] in 1789 in order to deal with the country’s financial crisis. This body had not been evoked in 175 years, and generated much interest across France. It was organized into three factions (the clergy or the church, the nobility, and everyone else). While commoners and untitled persons made up the vast majority of the people in France, voting in this congressional body was conducted by faction, so the clergy and nobility could always outvote ordinary people. When Abbé Sieyès and others criticized this issue and the representation crisis it created, the group of representatives supporting the commoners broke off from the rest and formed the National Assembly in June, 1789.

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):What technological, medical, or scientific innovations made New Imperialism in Africa possible? What allowed Europeans to colonize the entire interior of Africa between c. 1870 and 1914, an area that had previously been inaccessible to them? In what specific ways did Europeans justify the subjugation and colonization of African peoples?What was the “Spectacle City” and how did it develop in Europe and the United States during the late-nineteenth century? Why would Paris be characterized as a Spectacle City, particularly from the 1850s onward? How did the state come to use spectacle to exert power and defuse mass unrest?Trace the progression of European artwork (including literature and music) from nineteenth-century Realism and Romanticism to the radically-different movements of Impressionism, Surrealism, Expressionism, Futurism, Cubism, and Dadaism in the twentieth century? [You need to address several of these movements, but you are not expected to discuss each of them]. Do you believe they are a result of the Great War or do these changes stem from something else?

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Each answer should be at least 4-5 sentences long. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:The Brezhnev DoctrineJuan PerónNon-AlignmentOrdinary MenPetra KellyRobert MugabeThe Secret SpeechSolidaritySrebrenicaULTRA

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Each answer needs to be at least 4-5 sentences long. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:Alexis de TocquevilleCharles FourierChulalongkornThe Committee of Public SafetyThe Enclosure ActsThe Great RevoltKlemens von MetternichLudditesNapoleon BonaparteNapoleon III

In an event from June 30-July 2, 1934, known as [BLANK-1], Adolf Hitler used the Gestapo and the SS (Schutzstaffel) to round up and execute many members of the SA, Hitler’s earliest and fiercest supporters. The purpose of this purge was to eliminate any Nazi Party members who would have any legitimacy in terms of challenging Hitler for authority of the party and to test the absolute loyalty of the SS (which was personally loyal to Hitler himself). It served to further legitimize Hitler’s political authority in Germany and it increased the military’s loyalty toward him.

During the French Revolution, new revolutionary symbols were adopted in order to legitimize the new regime. One of the most prominent and long lasting was [BLANK-1], a female embodiment of liberty and the republic. This “lady liberty” was featured in many revolutionary-era paintings and reinforced the idea that women were central to the success of the republic.

World War II’s only all-air battle, known as [BLANK-1], lasted from June-October, 1940. Germany ultimately lost the conflict, thus ending any hope of Germany launching Operation Sea Lion.

Originating in large part from Vladimir Ilyich Lenin’s dictatorial measures, [BLANK-1] pitted the Reds (Bolsheviks) against the Whites (a disparate and loosely-united group who opposed socialist, soviet control). Despite more than a dozen countries (such as the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, and others) joining the Whites in this conflict due to their fears of a socialist country, the Reds emerged victorious. Several factors led to the Red victory such as having the superior army, controlling the center of the country, the use of war communism, and the loose alliance binding the Whites together. The Reds used the Red Terror and the Cheka to keep order and maintain control of the country during this conflict, and more than 250,000 people were executed as class enemies during this period. The Soviet Union would harbor longstanding resentment against the capitalistic democracies who joined the Whites and fought against the Reds in this affair

National governments played a key role in supporting industrialization, especially in continental Europe. In German states a customs union known as [BLANK-1] developed in 1834. This customs union allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs, while it erected a single uniform tariff against other nations. Austria’s unwillingness to join this customs union ensured that it would develop along different political lines than other German-speaking states.