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A biochemical pathway produces metabolite E. This pathway consists of A, B, C and D intermediates that require enzymes 1, 2, 3 and 4 to catalyze each step of the reaction. Given the following information about each reaction, is this pathway overall anabolic or catabolic? Give reason for your answer. A–>B–>C–>D–>E A  → B, ΔG = -8 B → C, ΔH = -4, TΔS = 6 C→ D, ΔH = 2, TΔS = -6 D→ E, ΔG = +2

Erythropoietin is a _______ hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.  

Explain why living cells will not have chemical reactions in equilibrium. Support your answer with the concerned thermodynamic equation. Also, what are some ways by which the cells then stay out of equilibrium? 

Compare and contrast glycogen with starch with respect to the following: a. Monomer of each b. Name of the covalent bond that joins the momomers in these molecules c. Branched or unbranched structures d. synthesized by plant or animal 

Suppose the cytosol of animal cells contains 1000 potassium ions (K+) and 100 K+ in the extracellular fluid. And suppose the extracellular fluid contains 2000 sodium ions (Na+) and 100 Na+ within the cell. If the cell had to transport 100 K+ ions out of the cell and 100 Na+ ions inside the cell. Determine what type of transport proteins will it require for K+ ions and Na+ ions in this case. Explain if it will be active or passive transport. 

Glycolysis involves producing energy from carbohydrates. Often times, our foods don’t have just glucose, but other sugars such as fructose (in table sugar) and galactose (in milk). Let’s consider fructose.   Assuming fructose can be phosphorylated by hexokinase, in which step of glycolysis would fructose enter? What will be the reaction and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction.

Write the cellular location and the specific step of the pathway in which the following reactions occur: Conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate   Conversion of alpha-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA  Transfer of hydroxyethyl to lipoic acid Reduction of coenzyme Q along with oxidation of succinate Formation of acyl-carnitine

An enzyme inhibitor called as diisopropylflourophosphate (DFP) covalently binds to a serine amino acid in the active site of a serine protease, thus inactivating the enzyme.  Based on this information, what type of enzyme inhibitor is DFP? Give reason for your answer.

______________ functions to carry electrons in oxidative phosphorylation from the first enzyme complex to the second enzyme complex.  

Cells can have chemical reactions in an equilibrium state because if it reaches equilibrium state there would be still some free energy available to perform the work needed to keep it alive.