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Many bureaucrats have employment protections and serve through multiple presidential administrations, making it more difficult for the president to control and discipline them.

Justice Roberts was crucial for upholding most of the Affordable Care Act, reasoning that the Individual Mandate (requiring individuals to have qualifying health care or face a penalty) could be justified as a tax.

The creation of policy czars centralizes certain policy areas under direct presidential oversight without congressional approval.

Presidents may in limited circumstances exercise “ex post” budget influence by reallocating federal funds after legislation has already passed.

Presidents are typically more successful in passing legislation through Congress in the early years of their terms.

The two-presidencies thesis posits that presidents are:

The doctrine of acquiescence suggests that Congress’s silence on presidential actions implies approval of those actions, such as executive orders.

Presidents have used the National Emergencies Act to try to claim additional unilateral powers.

Write a narrative paragraph using the following thesis statement: My first semester at LeMoyne-Owen has been full of surprises. 

Which of the following factors most clearly makes it challenging for a president to pass legislation in a divided government?