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T. Ramadan argues that European Muslims should not isolate themselves and should not use Islamaphobia as an excuse to not participate in public political life.

Muslim communities have been present in Europe for several hundred years; and over 20 million Muslims live in Europe.

The Balkans region is the most dense multi-cultural Muslim region in Europe

According to Abdellatif and Ottaway: The wearing of the hijab is generally condemned by the West.  For some women wearing the hijab is a political act of defiance against an oppressive regime or the West.

Who wrote the following: “Do Muslim women really need saving? We need to consider our own larger responsibilities to address the forms of global injustice and not worry about an item of clothing.”

The social roots of Hamas go back further than its founding in 1987 and can be found in the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.

The following statement was written by ________________________in the journal article titled, “Hamas and the Transformation of Political Islam in Palestine”: “Radical Islam emerged not because people were opposed to political and economic change but they were continuously denied it.”

In failed or weak states; lack of a system – Islam becomes a nationalist discourse when it develops as the vanguard of a popular resistance movement against foreign occupation (Hamas, Hizbullah, Afghan mujahideen, etc…)

Al-Qaeda as Peter Bergen puts it, “is as much a creation of globalization as a response to it.”

According to Ottaway and Abdellatif: Islamist precepts originally did not aim at subjugating women but were distorted by social and cultural norms that ante-dates Islam and persisted despite the spread of Islam.  Struggle to restore Islam to its original form is the struggle for women’s rights.