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SARS-CoV-2 variants (mutants) can be detected using the RT-PCR test.  What is the name of the phenomenon by which the variants are detected (1 point), and why does this phenomenon occur (up to 3 points)?

You are working with a patient in the community clinic who complains of a sore throat (see below for a picture of the patient’s throat).  You submit throat swabs to the clinical lab for culturing and identification.  See below for results of lab tests. Growth on blood agar – note clear zone around colonies Gram stain – note chains of purple cocci Catalase test – no bubbles What is the proper name of the bacterium that is the most likely cause of the patient’s distress? a. Staphylococcus aureusb. Staphylococcus epidermidisc. Streptococcus pneumoniaed. Streptococcus pyogenes [propername] What do we mean when we say “beta-hemolysis”? a. lysis of red blood cells with incomplete degradation of hemoglobinb. lysis of red blood cells with no degradation of hemoglobinc. lysis of red blood cells with complete degradation of hemoglobind. no lysis of red blood cells or hemoglobin [beta-hemolysis] What do we mean when we say “alpha-hemolysis”? a. lysis of red blood cells with incomplete degradation of hemoglobinb. lysis of red blood cells with no degradation of hemoglobinc. lysis of red blood cells with complete degradation of hemoglobind. no lysis of red blood cells or hemoglobin [alpha-hemolysis]

What enzyme is necessary to produce a positive “I” test? a. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseb. hexose kinasec. tryptophanased. tyrosinase [enzyme] Which area of the dry slide (see below) shows a positive ‘I” test? a. top left cornerb. bottom left corner [Indole] Which Simmon’s citrate tube (see below) is positive? a. Tube 1b. Tube 2 [citrate] What must an organism be able to do to produce a positive citrate test? a.  have tryptophanase b.  have catalase c.  have citrase d.  have lactase [positive]

To prevent heartworm, cats and dogs should receive appropriate prophylactic medication.  What is the proper name  of the parasite responsible for heartworm? [heartworm] a.  Schistosoma mansoni b.  Dirofilaria immitis c.  Arthrobotrys d.  Echinococcus granulosarum To which major group of helminths does the heartworm parasite belong?  [majorgroup] a.  Annelida b.  Cestodes c.  Nematodes d.  Trematodes How is this parasite transmitted?  [transmission] a.  fleas b.  mosquitoes c.  biting flies d.  ticks

Below, left, is a fecal smear of a patient suffering from abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting following a stay in an area where human feces (“night soil”) are used to fertilize crops.  Below, right, is an image of the adult parasite that the patient passed in their stool.  (2 points, total) What is the proper name (Genus + specific epithet) of the pathogen causing this patient’s illness?  [parasitename] What can be a complication requiring surgery of having a large number of this parasite in one’s intestines?  [complication]

Your patient returns from a hike in the woods and discovers organisms like those (ticks) below on her neck and shoulders. What is the name of a disease that can be transmitted by the organism shown above?  [disease1] a. Lyme diseaseb. Norwalk diseasec. Rocky Mountain Spotted Feverd. Rift Valley fever What is the name of a disease transmitted by the organism (flea) in the image, below? Hint: the disease is endemic to parts of California.  [disease2] a. Chagas disesaseb. onchocerciasisc. plagued. typhus What is the name of the disease transmitted by the organism (kissing bug) shown, below?  Hint:  the disease is endemic to parts of Central and South America.  [disease3] a. Chagas diseaseb. onchocerciasisc. plagued. typhus You manage to “score” a furnished apartment (Congrats!).  Remembering BIOL 440 lab, you decide to check the upholstered furniture using a magnifying glass.  Sure enough, you find signs of infestation (see image above). What is the proper name for the insects shown in the above image? [furniture] a. Aedes b. Cimex   c.  Glossina d.  Xenopsylla  

What does WNL stand for?

The veterinarian has prescribed Roger to receive a dose of Cerenia at 1 mg/kg, IV. How many mL and mg of Cerenia will you administer to Roger?

The veterinarian wants to send home something to increase Roger’s recovery time, all of the following are options except;

Roger is going to be hospitalized for at least for 4 days, how long can his IVC remain in place? IVC is still patent.