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The treatment of a blood transfusion reaction will include all of the following EXCEPT:

Identify the least important variable determining the spread of the epidural block.

Match the fluid with the correct tonicity.

What is the first action you should take if the oxygen saturation decreases from 98% to 90% 15minutes into surgery?

What is the reason for doing Upper Limb Tension Tests?      What joint movements/positions stress which peripheral nerves (ulnar/median/radial)?    What joint movements/positions relieve stress on which peripheral nerves (ulnar/medial/radial)?

What is the most important electrolyte for ventricular repolarization?

What does elevation of the ST segment signify?

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the base of the tongue, the posterior epiglottis, the aryepiglottic folds, and the arytenoids?

Case 1 (Questions 11-13) Suppose a team of researchers conducts a case-control study on the association between hypertension and stroke among adults aged 50 and older in Florida. For this study, the researchers selected Floridian adults aged 50 and older who experienced a stroke as the cases. As controls, the researchers selected Floridian adults aged 50 or older who did not experience a stroke. To assess each participant’s exposure status, the researchers asked the participants to fill out a questionnaire in which the participants were asked to retrospectively report if they have had hypertension in the past.   What strategy could be used to minimize error in the measurement of hypertension in case 1? (max. 4 points)

Suppose a team of researchers was interested in studying whether individuals with generalized anxiety disorder are more likely to abuse substances. The researchers used a cross-sectional design and sampled individuals who were being treated at the psychiatry department of Tampa General Hospital. After enrolment, the researchers used the medical records of the participants to determine both anxiety disorder status and substance abuse status. The researchers found that substance abuse was 0.90 times more prevalent among individuals with an anxiety disorder compared to individuals without anxiety disorder. In other words, individuals with anxiety disorder less often abused substances compared to individuals without anxiety disorder.   The researchers submitted a manuscript with their finding to a peer-reviewed journal. One of the reviewers points out that the estimated prevalence ratio of 0.90 is counterintuitive and that this counterintuitive finding may be explained by selection bias.   Which two (2) conditions need to hold for selection bias to occur in this study on anxiety disorder and substance abuse? (max. 4 points per condition)