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[BLANK-1] is part of the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata, and it is a central ethical text for the religion. It tells the story of a human hero, the warrior Arjuna, who is guided into action by the god Krishna. When Arjuna has moral doubts about fighting his kinsmen in battle, Krishna compassionately points out that his duty is to act and his moral law, or dharma, is to fight in battle as a member of the warrior caste. The text centralizes both the necessity of action and dharma, and stresses that everyone’s dharma may be different, but they must follow their own path.

Roman Jews, particularly the Zealots in Judaea and Galilee, grew increasingly disenchanted with Rome, particularly in light of the practice of Roman Syncretism and the political and military turmoil of the late republican period. They began to believe in a final struggle against the Romans and the coming of a savior, or [BLANK-1], who would destroy the Roman legions and inaugurate a period of peace and happiness for the Jews. For a small number of followers, this belief was applied to the Jewish teacher Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus accepted the belief and claimed to be this savior, but he argued that he would establish a spiritual kingdom, not an earthly one.

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. It is best to write a paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences for each ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:Ardashir IChang’anClovisGreat ZimbabweThe Han DynastyKilwaMadrasasPaul of TarsusThe Sui DynastySulla

Mu’awiya founded [BLANK-1] after defeating Ali in a civil war. This was the first Sunni-Muslim political dynasty, founded in 661 and lasting until 750. This political dynasty saw the position of caliph transform from being the chief spiritual leader of Islam and successor to Muhammad, to a truly political position as well. From this point forward, caliphs would live in elaborate palaces, be protected by a royal guard, and exercise the political authority of a monarch. During this period, Islam expanded throughout North Africa, Spain, and western India.

[BLANK-1] was a general during the late Roman Republic and a fierce ally of Julius Caesar. After Caesar’s assassination, he joined the Second Triumvirate and successfully fought against Caesar’s enemies. His marriage to Cleopatra VII, and his wedding gift of a massive tract of Roman land, tarnished his reputation among the Roman people. He had a falling out with another member of the Second Triumvirate and fought a bloody civil war against him. After his and Cleopatra’s forces were beaten at the Battle of Actium, he and his wife realized they could not win the war and they committed suicide. Their deaths (and the ascension of his opponent to the title of Emperor Augustus) marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.

​Alexander the Great​Amon-Ra​Archimedes​Aten​The Axial Age​Bhagavad Gita​Book of Changes​Book of Documents​Book of the Dead​Brahman​The Bronze Age Collapse​The Eightfold Path​Empire​Euclid​The Ganges River​The Hebrew Kingdom​Hedonism​The Indus River​Karnak Temple​Kingdom​Nirvana​Oracle Bones​The Qin Empire​Righteous Rule​Socrates​Sophists​State​The Thirteenth Rock Edict​Uruk​Zoroaster

Wiman, an unsuccessful rebel against China’s Han Dynasty, fled China and in 194 B.C.E. established [BLANK-1] in what is now known as southern Manchuria and northwest Korea. There he established a Korean dynasty until it was defeated by Han China in 108 B.C.E. After its defeat, Korea was forced to house four Chinese prefectures which contributed to Sinicization (the increase of Chinese influence) in Korea.

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Describe Roman life during the Roman Empire and the Pax Romana. How was Roman life extended to the provinces? What did Rome provide for these provinces and how did the empire maintain control over such a vast area of land? What challenges to Roman rule did emperors face both at home and in the provinces?Describe the far-reaching impact of the Silk Road. What was the Silk Road and what goods were exchanged through it? Describe the process of trading along the Silk Road – how were merchants able to transport goods over great distances in harsh environments? What allowed China to maintain control over much of the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty?Analyze the Trans-Saharan Trade. When did it develop and during what time did this economic trade route flourish? Who came to control the trade across the Sahara? What three main goods made up the bulk of this trade? What societies flourished because of this trade network? How did the Trans-Saharan Trade facilitate the growth of cities in West Africa? List and describe some of those cities.

One of the most common phrases or slogans to show up in official Roman documents was “The Senate and the Roman People,” or [BLANK-1]. Despite its ubiquitousness, it was a patriotic motto that did not always reflect the reality of Roman society. In many cases, the Roman people and the Senate were at odds with one another

[BLANK-1] was one of the many people in China during the Han Dynasty who felt the spiritual call of Buddhism and joined a monastery. He abandoned his wife in order to live a monastic existence among his Buddhist order; his wife followed suit and entered a religious order as a Buddhist nun.