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A researcher conducts a survey examining eating and sleeping behavior as well as academic performance for a group of elementary school children. The results of the survey indicate that the children who eat a more nutritious breakfast tend to have better grades than the children who have a breakfast low in nutrition. However, the research suspects that the children’s parents may be responsible for this relationship. Specifically, the better-educated parents probably encourage their children to eat better food and work harder in school compared to parents with less education. If the researcher is correct, this is an example of the ____.

In a between-subjects design, individual differences (participant variables) are a problem because they can ____.

In an experiment, the purpose for manipulating the independent variable is to help ____.

Preventing an extraneous variable from becoming a confounding variable by holding it constant can result in a threat to external validity.

The concept of degrees of freedom is associated with the ____.

A two-factor study compares three different treatment conditions (factor 1) for males and females (factor 2). In this study, the main effect for gender is determined by comparing the overall mean score for the males (averaged over the three treatments) and the corresponding overall mean score for the females (averaged over the three treatments).

A differential research design comes closer to being a true experiment that other similar designs.

It is possible for a distribution of scores to have more than one ____.

If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the researcher is in a position of power or authority, then which ethical principle is being compromised?

Any factor that limits the ability to generalize the results of the study is a threat to ____.