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Part 1 (30%): Instructions: using the word bank provided above, answer each of the following twenty fill-in-the-blank questions with the term that fits best. Once an option from the word bank has been used, it will not appear again. Several terms from the word bank will not be used. Make sure you attempt an answer for each question, even if you must guess. A logical guess using deductive reasoning is better than a blank answer.

Around 197, a Christian convert named [BLANK-1] presented a defense of Christianity against Roman persecution. This person particularly objected to the unjust practice of Romans banning Christians from saying anything in their own defense.

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Put the development of American civilizations in a global context. Compare and contrast the formation of American civilizations with the formation of civilizations in Africa, Europe, or Asia. What major differences can be found between these societies? List the major similarities that exist in the development of American civilization and civilizations that developed elsewhere in the world. Why are historians particularly interested in these similarities and what can they potentially tell us about all human societies?Identify and describe the Samurai of Medieval Japan. Who were these people and what was their importance to society? What services did Samurai provide and to whom did they provide those services? How were Samurais rewarded for their service? What code did the Samurai live by and what values comprised that code? What were the consequences for a Samurai that failed to live up to their code of honor?Trace the basic outline of Hell in Dante Alighieri’s Inferno. Describe Dante’s concept of contrapasso as it relates to his map of Hell in Inferno. Point to several circles of hell, their occupants, and their punishments; how do those punishments reflect contrapasso? In what ways is Dante’s Inferno a useful source for historians who want to explore the values of Medieval Europe? What medieval values seem to be prized based on your analysis of the book? What sins are among the worse in medieval society? Why?

A Granada-born Spanish Muslim named Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi was captured by Spanish Christian pirates, delivered to Pope Leo X, and baptized. When he converted to Christianity in the sixteenth century, he was re-Christened [BLANK-1] and worked for the pope to write a travelogue called History and Description of Africa. There, he described the wealthy and cosmopolitan African cities of Cabra, Gago, and Tombuto (Timbuktu).

Florence was the center of the Italian Renaissance and became notable for its unique Renaissance-era architecture. Florence’s celebrated building of this style is [BLANK-1] designed by the Renaissance architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446).

St. Benedict of Nursia established [BLANK-1] of Christian monasticism in Europe. This set the tone for Christian monastic orders and it emphasized the key values of obedience, silence, and humility.

[BLANK-1] was a China-based maritime exchange that helped to power the Medieval Chinese Economic Revolution. It began in the 7th century, with the discovery of a valuable new luxury good and China dominated the industry, though Japan, Korea, and India would found their own industries in the following centuries. It continued to be a major, lucrative, global exchange through the nineteenth century. By that point, India had surpassed China as the world’s leader in this business.

Religious violence between Catholics and Protestants was commonplace following the Protestant Reformation. One of the most notable examples came at the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572, which occurred following the wedding of the Catholic sister of the King of France, Margaret de Valois, to a Protestant groom: [BLANK-1]. The bridegroom was a pragmatist and recognized that converting to Catholicism would ultimately allow him to serve as King of France himself; he was said to have cynically stated “Paris is worth a mass.” The wedding itself began in a bizarre fashion. As a Protestant, the groom was not allowed inside the cathedral where the wedding was being held, so his brother had to stand in for him with the groom yelling his vows out from across the threshold of the door. Following the ceremony, the Catholic Queen, Catherine de’ Medici, ordered troops to kill the thousands of unarmed French Huguenots (Protestants) who had traveled to Paris for the wedding and who had been assured of the safety of the event as wedding guests. The number of dead within Paris likely numbered at a few thousand; however, violence spread throughout the countryside as Catholics surprised Protestants and massacred as many as 30,000 over the course of several weeks. The bridegroom escaped the religious violence from the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and did ultimately convert to Catholicism and become King of France; however, he would ultimately be a victim of later religious violence as he was assassinated by a Catholic extremist in 1610.

[BLANK-1] is the Sahara Desert’s southern fringe. It is a sub-desert climate that served as a path by which early African agriculture transferred westward out of the Nile River Valley. Islam, as well, spread across this subdesert region westward, before stopping its spread in the forested regions of West Africa and the grasslands south of this climatic zone.

The Frankish historian [BLANK-1] recorded Pope Urban II’s Sermon at Clermont – the event that led to the crusades. He recounted Urban’s motivations for the call for a crusade: the Turkish invasion of Christian Roman (Byzantine) lands. He also noted that Urban promised an indulgence – the complete remission of sins – to all who would take up arms against the infidels. This historian would travel with the first group of crusaders and record their exploits in A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem: The Call for Crusade.