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A 66-year-old woman reports flashes of light followed by sudden painless vision loss described as a curtain over her right eye. Fundus exam reveals a detached retina. Which process explains her disease?

A 16-year-old boy presents with hypertension and headaches. Urine catecholamines are markedly elevated. Which process explains his condition?

A 15-year-old girl presents with primary amenorrhea and abdominal pain. Pelvic exam reveals a bulging hymen with retained blood behind it. Which process explains her condition?

A 71-year-old man with hypertension presents with weight loss, early satiety, and anemia. Endoscopy reveals an ulcerated gastric mass. Biopsy shows malignant epithelial cells. Which process explains his disease?

A 32-year-old woman presents with severe dysmenorrhea and infertility. Laparoscopy reveals ectopic endometrial tissue on the ovaries. Which process explains her condition?

A 45-year-old man presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back. Labs: lipase 680 U/L (normal

A 72-year-old man presents with gradual bilateral hearing loss. His family notes he cannot hear high-pitched voices. Audiogram shows symmetric high-frequency loss. Which process explains his condition?

A 58-year-old man presents with flank pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass with renal vein invasion. Which process explains his condition?

A 66-year-old man presents with chest pain, weight loss, and early satiety. Endoscopy reveals an ulcerated mass in the stomach. Biopsy shows malignant cells. Which process explains his disease?

A 51-year-old patient reports a worst headache of life with sudden onset during activity, followed by neck stiffness. CT head is negative; lumbar puncture shows xanthochromic CSF. Which process explains this presentation?