In an RCT comparing a new pain reliever to a placebo, 300 pa…

In an RCT comparing a new pain reliever to a placebo, 300 participants were randomized evenly between the treatment and control groups. After the trial, 90 participants in the treatment group reported pain relief, while 45 participants in the control group reported pain relief. Calculate the odds ratio (OR) of pain relief for the treatment group compared to the control group.

In a cross-sectional study, 800 individuals were surveyed. O…

In a cross-sectional study, 800 individuals were surveyed. Of these, 200 were found to have hypertension. Of the hypertensive individuals, 50 were smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the general population is 25%. Calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) of smoking in hypertensive individuals compared to the general population.