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Platelets are fragments of cytoplasm that detach from which of the following?  

A 22-year-old patient steps on a sharp object and feels immediate pain. Which phase of nociception is responsible for the initial conversion of the stimulus into an electrical signal?

Conditions in which low erythrocyte levels or low hemoglobin concentrations exist are known as __________.  

A 55-year-old patient presents with hypotension, warm extremities, and flushed skin. Their cardiac output is normal, but their systemic vascular resistance is significantly decreased. What mechanism contributes to the warm extremities? 

Which of the following is NOT a correct classification of coronary artery disease?

A 45-year-old woman with severe burns develops multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Later, she gets pneumonia, leading to further complications. Which statement is correct about her primary and secondary MODS?

A 30-year-old male presents to the emergency department with difficulty breathing and wheezing after exposure to pollen. His oxygen saturation is 92% on room air, and he is using accessory muscles to breathe. Arterial blood gas reveals mild hypoxemia. Pulmonary function tests show reduced airflow. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his low ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio?

A patient experiences an injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) after undergoing a tonsillectomy. As a result, they report difficulty tasting certain flavors while eating. Which type of taste sensation is most likely affected?

A 70-year-old woman presents with gradual central vision loss in both eyes. She reports difficulty reading and recognizing faces, although her peripheral vision remains intact. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) is diagnosed with sepsis and severe hypoxemia. After 17 days in the MICU, his condition has not improved, and a repeat chest X-ray shows significant changes in lung architecture with worsening gas exchange. Which of the following pathophysiological changes is most likely contributing to his ongoing hypoxemia at this stage?