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We obtain the following 4 chamber view and see an abnormal structure in the right atrium, what is it most likely?

The patient presents to the lab with known aortic stenosis. A previous echo from 5 years ago shows moderate to severe AS with an EF of 60%. Today you’re getting an EF of 35-40% and a gradient of 20 mmHg. What is a possible reason for the discrepancy?

While performing a post-op baseline echo on a patient with a bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement, we notice the mean aortic pressure gradient is 19 mmHg., what grade of severity can we assume about this valve?

What would be a congenital finding that would mimic tricuspid stenosis?

What can you assume about your patient when you obtain the following image of the proximal abdominal aorta.  What can we say about the aortic valve?  

What would be the range the sonographer should drop their color baseline when performing PISA on mitral regurgitation?

Your patient presents with a calcified aortic valve annulus. You’re unable to visualize the lVOT very well. What formula do we use if this occurs?

Which prosthetic valve is being sampled?   

Your patient is in the ICU with SUDDEN shortness of breath, there is concern for pulmonary edema. You begin scanning and see severe regurgitation. What would we expect the left atrium to look like and why?

Using the information provided below, what is aortic valve area?   LVOT Diameter: 1.7 cm LVOT VTI: 20 cm/s AV VTI: 294 cm/s