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The inflammatory response is characterized by four classic symptoms: heat, redness, pain, and swelling. In some instances, this response can be triggered by stimuli that are non-infectious such as asbestos. When exposure to the stimulating trigger is persistent, a state of chronic inflammation can result. This process is likely to be detrimental to the health of the host.

The father of Immunology is known as:

A transplant patient began to show signs of rejection 8 days after receipt of a transplanted organ. What immune elements might be found in the rejected organ?

Innate system cells use receptors which are capable of detecting molecular differences even between closely related organisms.

Phosphatidylinositol glycan A (PIGA)  is required for the membrane attachment of proteins anchored by glycolipids to the plasma membrane, using what is called a ‘GPI-linkage.’ Included in the group of GPI-linked cell surface proteins is DAF/CD55. Individual lacking the GPI linkage become anemic because:

When macrophages in a tissue encounter bacteria, they release cytokines that induce an inflammatory response. These cytokines act on other immune cells, to recruit them to the site of infection and to enhance their activities. In addition, these cytokines act on the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall to:

Macrophages rapidly ingest complement coated bacteria using specific receptors. Which of the following complement components need to be bound to receptors on macrophages and on bacteria respectively?

A somatic cell in a sexually-reproducing organism has 6 chromosomes. How many total sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G2 phase?

How might Jimmy’s high CHO diet influence glycogen phosphorylase (GP) during exercise?

Jimmy is running a half-marathon at his goal marathon pace as part of training. His goal pace occurs at 80% of his VO2 max. What is the primary energy source?