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When giving an epinephrine containing local anesthetic solution care must be taken with __?__ drugs.

Which of the following are utilized to create vasoconstriction for dental injections? lidocaine epinephrine levonordefrin norepinephrine

Epinephrine is the most utilized vasoconstrictor in dentistry. Most local anesthetics utilize epinephrine in a ratio of 1:20,000.

Drug A has affinity for and binds to a receptor creating an action. Drug B has affinity for and binds to the same receptor.  Drug B’s receptor interaction prevents Drug A from binding to its receptor unless Drug A’s dose is increased.  Drug B is a(n):

List the following local anesthetics in order from shortest to longest duration of action. 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000epi 3% mepivacaine 5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000epi

Determine the nature of the following reaction    C3H8 + 5O2 →  3CO2 + 4H2O

Sepsis is an exaggerated immune response to a bacterial infection.  It is often triggered by bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, that are resistant to all antibiotics (aka “superbugs”).  Over 1.2 million people/year die due to superbug infections.  If you or a loved one were to contract a superbug infection, what is a possible treatment that could save you?  (NOTE:  this was discussed in the article, “A New Tactic in the Superbug Battle” that I sent to you via an Announcement).

A pharmaceutical sales rep visits your community clinic where COVID-19 screening is available.  The rep presents two COVID-19 tests.  Test A has a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 95%.  Test B has a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 75%.  Which test would you choose for your clinic (1 point) and why?  Note:  to receive credit for your answer, you must include correct figures (false negative percent and false positive percent) for each test (4 points).  (5 points, total)

If a microbe does only the 2, 3-butanediol fermentation, what would be the appearance of its MR test?  [MRtest] What three sugars are present in TSI medium?  Note:  partial credit will not be awarded for this question.  [TSI] What survival advantage would pellicle formation provide to bacteria?  [pellicle] (3 points, total)

Your patient has impetigo, a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus.  You test bacteria grown from fluid from the lesions for antibiotic sensitivity. Impetigo lesions What is an antibiotic, tested here, that could be used to treat the patient’s infection, effectively? a. ampicillinb. Bactrimc. streptomycin [antibiotic] What is the name of the enzyme that bacteria use to degrade penicillin and other antibiotics of its class? a. β-lactamaseb. hexose kinasec. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenased. RuBisCo [enzyme] Among the antibiotics tested listed, above, which one works by inhibiting a metabolic/biochemical pathway? a. aminoglycosideb. beta-lactamc. macrolided. sulfonamide (eg., Bactrim) [metabolic] What is the most common mechanism of resistance to sulfonamide antibiotics such as Bactrim? [Bactrim] a.  beta-lactamase b.  bypass c.  efflux pumps d.  carbapenimase