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One challenge in developing an effective HIV vaccine relates to the fact that although HIV-infected individuals produce antibodies specific for HIV, they are unable to clear the virus

Multiple mechanisms provide a series of checkpoints that function to maintain immunological self-tolerance. A breakdown in any one of these mechanisms is likely to lead to autoimmunity.  

Common allergens that trigger atopic responses in humans share several features. For example, nearly all allergens are proteases.

Certain vaccine approaches result in the presentation of peptides generated by the production of viral antigens within host cells. These vaccines are classified as

Immune surveillance of malignant cells occurs in the following phases except:

IgE mediated  reactions can be associated with:

Despite the challenges in matching MHC and minor histocompatibility antigens between donor and recipient, solid organ-transplantation success rates have improved, mainly due to the use of

The “Lake Wobegon” effect refers to all states reporting average student scores above the national average. Give two reasons, according to the textbook, why this occurred. Provide only two answers.

Macrophages’ activation requires the following:

Binding of CD40L to CD40 yields the following benefits