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The “lub” (first) sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart’s semilunar valves.

Describe the path a red blood cell would take beginning at the inferior vena cava until it reaches the lungs. Include all valves, chambers, and vessels. 

During cardiac muscle contraction the movement of K and Ca in and out of the cells cause a plateau phase. What effect does this have on the function of the cardiac muscle cells?

name these vessels of the cardiac circulation: 1 is a vein, 2 and 3 are arteries.

An increase in preload would result in:

On an urinalysis test strip, explain one abnormality you would expect if an individual has uncontrolled diabetes and why.

Identify the pathology indicated by the photo on the right

Bonus Question: Describe the path a blood cell would take as it travels from the lungs to the aorta. Include all valves, chambers, and vessels. 

The image below shows an artificial pacemaker a common medical device. What tissue is it replacing?

An increase in viscosity of the blood will _____________ SV (stroke volume) resulting in a _______ in CO (cardiac output).