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During the 14th century, Italy suffered the most devastating natural disaster in European History. Explain what it was and the effects.  Please provide a 3- 5 sentence response. 

The pet food industry in the U.S. is worth approximately: 

Dogs are classified as: 

What is the average number of cats per households that have them in the U.S.? 

A cat’s estrous cycle typically lasts: 

What percentage of pet expenditures goes toward food?

A heat engine takes in 400 J of energy from a hot reservoir and performs 16.0 J of work in each cycle. (a) Find the efficiency of the engine. (10 points) (b) Find the energy expelled to the cold reservoir in each cycle. (15 points) Show your work and answer in the scratch paper.

Metal lids on glass jars often become easier to loosen when hot water is run over them. Explain the physical principles behind this phenomenon, including the differences in material properties between the lid and the jar.  The coefficient of thermal expansion of glass is 3.2×10−6/◦C and the coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminum is 25 × 10−6/◦C. Record your answer with your reasoning to your scratch paper. Make sure to submit it to Gradescope at the end of the exam. (10 points) 

Alberto owns 25 percent of Sycamore, an S corporation. At the beginning of the year, Alberto’s basis in his stock was $30,000, his share of Sycamore’s accumulated adjustments account (AAA) was $25,000, and his share of Sycamore’s earnings and profits from prior C corporation years (accumulated E&P) was $15,000. Then, during the year, Alberto was allocated $12,500 of ordinary income and Sycamore made a nonliquidating distribution to Alberto of $50,000.   (1) How much of the distribution is taxable to Alberto as a dividend?   (2) What is Alberto’s basis in his Sycamore stock after the distribution?

Beryl owns 100 percent of Hoptree Inc., an S corporation. At the beginning of the year, Beryl’s basis in her stock was $60,000, Hoptree’s accumulated adjustments account (AAA) balance was $35,000, and Hoptree’s earnings and profits from prior C corporation years (accumulated E&P) was $10,000. If Hoptree makes a nonliquidating distribution of $60,000 to Beryl, what is Beryl’s remaining stock basis after the distribution?