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A patient experiences an injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) after undergoing a tonsillectomy. As a result, they report difficulty tasting certain flavors while eating. Which type of taste sensation is most likely affected?

A 70-year-old woman presents with gradual central vision loss in both eyes. She reports difficulty reading and recognizing faces, although her peripheral vision remains intact. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) is diagnosed with sepsis and severe hypoxemia. After 17 days in the MICU, his condition has not improved, and a repeat chest X-ray shows significant changes in lung architecture with worsening gas exchange. Which of the following pathophysiological changes is most likely contributing to his ongoing hypoxemia at this stage?

A 55-year-old male patient with a history of mitral valve prolapse presents with fever, fatigue, and joint pain. You notice tender, raised reddish-purple lesions on the pads of his fingers and toes. Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with these lesions?

A 38-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with diffuse, cramping abdominal pain that started a few hours ago. She also reports nausea and feels her pain is deep and difficult to pinpoint. The pain intermittently worsens and is associated with a slow heart rate and sweating. Based on this presentation, which type of pain is the patient most likely experiencing?

A patient is diagnosed with obstructive shock. Which of the following is most likely the underlying cause? 

A 52-year-old male with a 40-pack-year smoking history presents to the clinic with a chronic cough, unexplained weight loss, and recent onset of digital clubbing. His oxygen saturation is 88% on room air. A chest X-ray reveals a suspicious mass in the right upper lobe. Which of the following is the most likely underlying condition causing the patient’s clubbing?

A 55-year-old man presents with the sudden onset of flashes of light and a “curtain-like” shadow over his vision. Ophthalmic examination reveals a retinal tear with fluid accumulation beneath the retina. What is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the primary pathophysiological change in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?  

Which of the following is a key diagnostic sign of constrictive pericarditis?