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A 36 year old female develops painful, swollen breasts every month in correlation to her menstrual cycle. The swelling is similar bilaterally. Symptoms begin 2 weeks before menstruation and ends at the end of menstruation. What condition does she most likely have?

A 29 year old female is actively breast feeding her infant baby. Her right breast becomes painful, swollen, red, and sensitive to touch.  Her left breast remains normal. What is likely causing her condition?

Symptoms of a tumor located in the tail of the pancreas include:

A patient undergoing radiation treatments has abnormal, sharp abdominal pain. You ask the doctor to evaluate them before preceding with treatment. The doctor presses on their abdomen, and there is no pain when he is pressing. However, it is painful after he stops pushing and releases the pressure. He also listens to the abdomen with a stethoscope and hears no sounds coming from the intestinal tract. He sends them urgently to the ER. What does he suspect they have?

A person with pancreatic cancer needs to receive a pancreaticoduodenectomy as part of their treatment Explain what the procedure includes removal of, and what part of the pancreas the tumor is most likely located in. 

I will be helpful for you to review the quiz questions that have been selected for the final exam… VERY helpful

ScLi10- Identify study variables in research articles A real study aimed to test whether the pattern of resource distribution in an environment affected how many individuals of the same species could be maintained by such environment. Researchers used single-strain populations of budding yeast (microorganism that you use to raise dough) in plates with the amino acid tryptophan (Trp) as the exploited, renewable resource. Researchers set 96 plates with Trp . Each plate was divided in 12 sections.  Each plate had either a heterogeneous or homogeneous distribution of resources (Trp). A heterogeneous environment was designed by alternating high and low Trp concentrations. A homogeneous environment was designed as having a uniform amount of Trp in all 12 sections. Yeast population in each well was quantified every 24 h as the optical density (OD600) until an asymptote was observed.

ScLi5- Identify the purpose of introduction in scientific papers The following paragraphs belong to the introduction of A comparative examination of odontogenic gene expression in both toothed and toothless amniotes.  In this study, Dr. Lainoff (professor in our Bio department) and colleagues investigated the genetic underpinnings of the lack of teeth in turtles. “Two key problems at the intersection of evolutionary and developmental biology are how complex organs such as teeth are formed and how variable morphology is generated. One method for identifying unknown components of complex genetic pathways is to investigate examples in nature where development has been disrupted. Despite the strong selective pressure on teeth, several vertebrates have lost their dentitions during evolution, including birds, baleen whales, anteaters, several lineages of fish, and turtles. Discrepancies in genetic pathways or in developmental timing between toothed taxa and toothless taxa can be used as tools for identifying aberrant changes linked to tooth agenesis. […] Studies conducted in mouse models suggest that the position where teeth will develop is established by the interactions of two mutually antagonistic signaling molecules, FGF8 and BMP4 (Neubüser et al., 1997). Early in development, the oral epithelium of the mouse mandible is broadly divided into two domains: Fgf8 and Fgf9 mark the proximal (lateral) region, defining the presumptive molar field, while Bmp4 marks the distal (mesial) area, delineating the presumptive incisor field (Åberg et al., 1997; Kettunen and Thesleff, 1998).  […] In this study, we first investigate potential mechanisms underlying the loss of teeth in turtles during evolution by examining the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, for histological and molecular evidence of tooth development. Additionally, we take a preliminary step towards addressing whether the antagonistic initiation of tooth development by BMP4 and FGF8 is conserved across amniotes, as well as whether limited Bmp4 expression is a good indicator of subsequent tooth loss, by determining whether Bmp4, Msx1, Msx2, and Fgf8 expression is conserved in an edentate reptile (T. scripta), a toothed reptile (the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis), and a toothed non-placental mammal (the gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica) during developmental stages equivalent to embryonic stage 10.5 (E10.5) in mice.”   Which of the functions that should be fulfilled by an introduction are MISSING?  

LO10 Identify the research question and objective of studies in relation to an ecological principle Here is a paragraph of a study that looked at reproductive behavior of blue-footed boobies “According to life history theory, trade-offs between growth, somatic maintenance and reproduction will occur throughout an individual’s life, affecting its fitness. Longitudinal studies of diverse taxa have shown that reproductive success, physiological function and survival tend to vary across the lifespan in a distinctive inverted-U pattern. This suggests that fitness components first increase with age and experience, then decline progressively with senescence (old age). In addition, long-lived species are expected to maximise lifetime fitness by strategically adjusting their reproductive effort and related behaviours across their lifetime. However, there is division of opinion over whether members of long-lived species maximise lifetime fitness by increasing or reducing reproductive effort toward the end of the lifespan. (…) We investigated possible change across the lifespan in parental behaviour (by measuring nest defense across the life span of individuals). ” What is the most likely research question addressed by this study?  

ScLi13- Identify elements in results that provide information on how study variables behaved The following excerpt belongs to the study Anthropogenic Marsh Impoundments Alter Collective Tendency in Schooling Fish coauthored by Dr. Kevin Boswell  (professor in our bio department). “The objective of this study was to determine whether the collective tendency of schooling fish is modulated by anthropogenically introduced habitat complexity, prior to and in response to predator attack. To achieve this objective, we compared collective state of fish schools before and during predator attack, between an open salt marsh canal and a Water Control Structure (man-made). In those environments, we observed schools of free-ranging juvenile gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) […]The collective behavioural state of each fish school was quantified using six behavioural parameters […]: school area, group speed, angular velocity, orientational alignment (polarization), coherence of rotation (rotational order) (Attanasi et al. 2014), and correlation strength (degree of influence on neighbours) (Cavagna et al. 2008; Handegard et al. 2012). […] we predict that fish schools in the vicinity of a WCS will adjust their schooling tendencies and form less aligned shoals, exhibiting increases in area and decreases in polarization compared to the natural marsh environment.  ” Which of the following statements in the results section address the predictions mentioned above?