A 12-year-old boy presents with a history of severe mood swi…

A 12-year-old boy presents with a history of severe mood swings, including episodes of extreme irritability and violent outbursts described by his parents as “affective storms.” Teachers report rapid shifts from laughing to yelling, pressured speech, and grandiose statements such as “I’m the smartest kid in the world.” He has a decreased need for sleep and has engaged in risky behaviors, including attempting to jump off the roof “just to prove he could fly.” Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnosis based on DSM-5 criteria?

A 29-year-old woman reports alternating episodes of elevated…

A 29-year-old woman reports alternating episodes of elevated and depressed mood over the past year. She describes episodes in the last 12 months where she felt euphoric, talked rapidly, needed only 3–4 hours of sleep, and spent impulsively. Each of these periods lasted about 5 days and were followed by episodes of low mood, anhedonia, hypersomnia, and feelings of worthlessness lasting 2 to 3 weeks. She denies hallucinations, delusions, or history of full manic episodes. She is currently not on treatment. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?