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A technician intern brings you a blood gas from an old dog having knee surgery. An arterial blood gas analysis shows the following values. pH = 7.37, PaCO2 = 43 mmHg, PaO2 = 495 mmHg, Bicarbonate = 23 mmol/L, Base excess = -1 mmol/L. Which statement best describes this dog’s acid base status.

Will decreased renal excretion usually have more of an effect on the patient’s response to a renally excreted drug after a single dose or multiple doses?

Nerve blocks can help provide analgesia when performing surgery to correct some components of upper airway syndrome in brachycephalic breeds. 

Which one of the following patients would be most likely to have the poorest liver function? 

Midazolam and ketamine in combination provide anesthesia that will allow a veterinarian to perform a feline castration. Which one of these drugs would improve the protocol the most if they were included?

 In general, tolerance to exercise is a good overall indicator of cardiovascular health in geriatric patients.

Your patient is working hard to breathe and is tachypneic. It has a pneumothorax and mild hemothorax due to a severely lacerated lung lobe and will be going to surgery to have the lung lobe removed. What can be done prior to anesthesia to make the induction and first part of the anesthesia go more smoothly and be safer for the patient.

In general, are geriatric patients more or less prone to intraoperative hypotension?

Mammals normally regulate their breathing to maintain a normal PaCO2 but if the PaO2 decreases to low enough values the low PaO2 will drive breathing. At what PaO2 does this secondary breathing control start to have an effect?

Pregnant patients often have an increased PCV and are hypoproteinemic.