You have signed up for several studies, but you show up inco…

You have signed up for several studies, but you show up inconsistently. Eventually, you agree to participate in a study in which you earn $10 each time you show up to participate in a research study. You never miss an appointment and earn $50! The $10 is a _____.

A pigeon has learned to peck a green key to receive access t…

A pigeon has learned to peck a green key to receive access to food. One day, the pigeon contacts extinction – pecking the green key no longer accesses reinforcement. The pigeon begins to engage in several brand-new topographies of behavior, including pecking several surfaces in the operant chamber, flapping its wings, and running around in a circle. None of these result in reinforcement. This brand-new topographies of behavior is example of