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44. Crime is ________ because criminals will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act.

65. _________ refers to a style of parenting with parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a noncoercive way.

39. Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process called ______.

71. Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements. Which of the following is not one of these elements?

81. A single exposure to firearm violence doubles the chance that a young person will later engage in violent behavior.

15. The study of the victim’s role in criminal events is called ________.

100. The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on punishment via physical retaliation, “an eye for an eye,” but the severity of punishment was dependent on one’s class standing. This code was known as the ______.

61. Which of the following is a pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression and eventually escalates to violent crime?

99. The American legal system is a direct descendent of _____.

84. Criminologist Cathy Widom hypothesized that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes the survivor to becoming violent themselves in later years. Her hypothesis commonly is called ___________.