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Common Polyatomic Cations Cation Name NH4+ Ammonium ion H3O+ Hydronium ion   Common Polyatomic Anions Anion Name C2H3O2- Acetate ion CO32- Carbonate ion ClO3- Chlorate ion ClO2- Chlorite ion CrO42- Chromate ion CN- Cyanide ion Cr2O72- Dichromate ion HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate ion HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate ion OH- Hydroxide ion ClO- Hypochlorite ion NO3- Nitrate ion NO2- Nitrite ion ClO4- Perchlorate ion MnO4- Permanganate ion PO43- Phosphate ion SO42- Sulfate ion SO32- Sulfite ion  

USE THE QUADRATIC  FORMULA TO SOLVE THE QUADRATIC EQUATION:  

Multiply the radicals:  

Add the following radical:  

Please contrast an open primary, semi-open primary, and a closed primary.

Please define “faithless elector,” and describe the ruling in the Chiofalo case.

Please address the significance of the Electoral Count Act, as revised after 2020.

Please discuss controversies surrounding voter ID laws, and indicate the significance of the Crawford v. Marion County decision of the Supreme Court.

Discuss the main protections of the Voting Rights Act.

Information for questions 13-19 The following figure shows the cost curves for a firm in a perfectly competitive market. Only exact answers are accepted. For numeric questions, enter 0, if the question cannot be answered with the information provided. In particular, since the figure does not have a grid, do not try to approximate any numbers using its scale. You can only use the numbers provided on the figure to perform an exact calculation. If you feel that an exact calculation is not possible for a given question, then the correct answer would be 0, or “none of the above.”   The last three questions in this group assume that we have reached the long-run equilibrium, following the process of the previous question. In particular, we’ll assume that the free entry or free exit of firms has stopped, the market is in equilibrium, and demand is sufficient to accommodate many (>100, say) firms.   In the long-run equilibrium, how many firms will operate in the market?